核酸的结构多样性为功能化提供了广阔的空间。DNA 的三种天然构象（A-DNA、B-DNA 和 Z-DNA）各具特色，其中 B-DNA 的大沟为功能分子提供了丰富的结合位点。电子转移效率不仅取决于碱基的氧化还原活性，还与相邻位点之间的电子耦合密切相关。通过巧妙地设计和修饰，科学家们可以将各种分子（如染料、表面活性剂、纳米颗粒等）与核酸结合，创造出具有独特光电性能的新型材料。例如，利用荧光寿命成像技术（FLIM）可以定量评估这些修饰的效果，而人工核酸的合成则为更复杂的结构设计提供了可能。
FIG. 1. (a) Electron transfer in double-stranded native DNA. (b) Fluorophore-tethered nucleotides. (c) Minimized geometry of DNA with chromophores. (d) Calculated structures of pyrene-DNA, porphyrin-DNA, pyrene-RNA, benzoyl-LNA, and aniline-DNA.4
三、结构 - 性能调控：精细雕琢材料性能
（一）界面工程
核酸与表面活性剂的自组装特性在界面工程中大放异彩。将核酸 - 表面活性剂复合物应用于钙钛矿太阳能电池中，不仅可以提高空穴传输效率，还能通过修饰钙钛矿表面、界面或晶界缺陷来抑制缺陷诱导的载流子复合，从而显著提升电池效率。此外，核酸层的疏水性还能增强设备的稳定性，使其在潮湿环境中长时间保持高效运行。
FIG. 2. Modulation of photophysical properties using nucleic acid assembled hybrids. (a) Conceptual sketch of exciton motion controlled by a tandem ssDNA strand. (b) Energy transfer between DNA–surfactant biopolymer and dye molecules. (c) Bandgap modulation of the ITO/DNA layer and DNA coated ZnO-NPs layer.
FIG. 3. Interface engineering using nucleic acid hybrid materials. (a) Contact angles of perovskite films with and without the thymine (T) layer. (b) (Left) AFM height images (5 × 5 μm2) for (left) phase image of DNA:CTMA:PEDOT-S on PTB7:PC71BM film. (b) (Right) DNA:CTMA:PEDOT-S on silicon wafer. (c) AFM surface morphology of pentacene grown on PMMA dielectric with 25 μl DNA. The scale bar is 0.5 μm. (d) SEM top-view images of CH3NH3PbI3 deposited onto DNA-CTMA films. (e) Interferometric topography images of DNA-CTMA:TBABF4 (1:0.12) films on glass. (f) (Left) High-resolution TEM image showing coherent interface between DNA and MAPbI3. (f) (Right) HAADF STEM image showing clear contrast between the DNA-CTMA layer and MAPbI3 crystal.
（二）溶剂工程
溶剂的选择对核酸基薄膜的制备至关重要。不同的溶剂组合、极性、粘度和配位能力都会影响薄膜的质量。例如，将丁醇与六氟 - 2 - 丙醇混合使用，可以实现 DNA - 表面活性剂复合物薄膜的定向排列，显著提升其介电性能。
FIG. 4. Preparation procedures of surfactant modified nucleic acid hybrid materials. (a) DNA lattice growth. (b) Drop-casting of V3+ doped DNA layers. (c) Synthesis of Nb2O5-DNA nanoassemblies. (d) Surfactant modified DNA–lipid complex.
（三）DNA 模板引导外延生长
借助 DNA 模板，科学家们能够在外延生长过程中精确控制纳米颗粒的组装，创造出具有有序取向的单晶层。这种方法不仅减少了晶界缺陷，还实现了纳米级的高精度图案化，为三维纳米制造提供了新的思路。
FIG. 5. Structure–property modulation patterns using different surfactants on nucleic acid hybrid materials. (a) The lamellar and inverted hexagonal phases of nucleic acid complexes. (b) The single- and double-tailed states of DNA and modifier complex in cast films. (c) Packing scale and stacking angle of DNA–surfactant complex.
四、性能评估：核酸杂化材料的多面手表现
（一）可再生能源领域
核酸杂化材料在可再生能源领域的应用前景广阔。在太阳能电池中，核酸杂化材料作为空穴传输层（HTL）或电子传输层（ETL），能够有效提高光电转换效率。例如，利用 DNA - CTMA 作为 HTL 的钙钛矿太阳能电池，实现了高达 20.63% 的最大功率转换效率，并且在暴露于环境 30 天后仍保持 90% 的效率。此外，核酸杂化材料还被用于电子阻挡层（EBL）和电子提取层（EEL），通过调节电极功函数和优化界面能级，进一步提升了设备性能。
FIG. 6. Nucleic acid hybrids used in renewable energy devices. (a) (Left) Schematic illustration of DNA-integrated DNA-MAPbI3 heterostructure and (right) statistics of PCE distribution histogram of DNA-modified devices. (b) (Left) Design of DNA-CTMA perovskite solar cell. (b) (Right) J–V curves compare the performance of PEDOT:PSS and DNA-CTMA layer. (c) (Left) Cross-sectional SEM image of meso-DNA:TiO2 layer and (Right) correlation of DNA concentration with PCE. (d) (Left) Fabrication of DNA:CTMA:PEDOT-S film under cathode interface layer and (right) correlation of DNA film thickness with current density–voltage. (e) (Left) Device design of ITO/DNA/PTB7:PC70BM/MoO3/Ag solar cell and (right) correlation of current density–voltage with various DNA modification strategies. (f) (Left) Device design of ITO/ZnO-NPs/DNA/PTB7:PC70BM/MoO3/Ag solar cell and (right) correlation of current density–voltage with various DNA modification strategies.
（二）信息显示领域
在有机发光二极管（OLED）中，核酸杂化材料凭借其独特的光电特性，能够显著提升设备的亮度和效率。以 DNA - 聚苯胺 / Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ 设备为例，其发**色随电压升高而变化，从黄色到橙色再到红色，这种电压可调性主要源于载流子复合区域的位移。此外，DNA - CTMA 绿色 LED 在 25V 电压下实现了 21,000 cd/m² 的亮度和 6.56 cd/A 的效率，这一优异性能归功于 DNA 的小电子亲和力和大 HOMO-LUMO 带隙，使其能够更好地控制电子流动，提高激子复合效率。
FIG. 7. Nucleic acid hybrids used in display devices. (a) DNA incorporated OLED device. (b) Color tunable DNA/PAn/Ru(bpy)22+ device in current density–voltage curve and emission intensity with chromaticity diagram.(c) (Alq3)-DNA and NPD-DNA BioLED devices. (d) Comparison of the device design strategy using NPD, DNA, and DNA-MoS2 layer. (e) Comparison of device design strategy using nucleobase as hole-blocking layer and electron-blocking layer. (f) Device design strategy using adenine (A) as the hole injection layer.
（三）光学波导领域
核酸的识别和杂交特性使其在光学波导领域展现出巨大潜力。通过精确的自组装，核酸能够实现高效的光子传输，显著提高光的亮度、传播效率，并大幅降低光学传输损耗。在单模通道波导中，DNA - CTMA 杂化材料的传播损耗仅为 0.67 - 1.09 ± 0.02 dB/cm（TE）和 0.65 - 0.94 ± 0.06 dB/cm（TM），这一优异性能使其在光学通信和传感器领域具有广阔的应用前景。
FIG. 8. Nucleic acid hybrids used in optical waveguides. (a) (Left) Performance of tDNA processed optical signal170 and (right) correlation of tDNA base pair with propagation distance. (b) Illustration (left) and performance (right) of Au/DNA based waveguide172 with on/off modes.
（四）场效应晶体管领域
核酸杂化材料在场效应晶体管（FET）中的应用同样令人瞩目。DNA - 表面活性剂基生物聚合物可以作为半导体 / 绝缘层界面处的电荷阻挡层，有效减少电流 - 电压特性中的滞后效应，实现低电压操作。在以 DNA - CTMA 为栅极绝缘层的 FET 设备中，载流子迁移率达到了 0.31 cm²/V·s，这一成果为高性能、低功耗的电子设备研发提供了新的思路。
FIG. 9. Nucleic acid hybrids used in organic field effect transistors. (a) Device configuration (left) and performance (right) of DNA layered field effect transistor. (b) Design (left) and transfer characteristics (right) of aqueous solution processed DNA layer. (c) Device configuration (left) and performance (right) of CTMA modified DNA layer. (d) (Left) Device structure diagram and design strategy (right) and transfer characteristics of DNA-CTMA single layer, with comparison to additional Al2O3 charge blocking layer.
（五）电容器领域
核酸杂化材料在电容器领域的表现同样可圈可点。其离子扩散能力和电极材料的表面积对电容器性能起着关键作用。在以 Pedot - n - DNA 杂化层为电极的电容器中，最**电容达到了 32 F/g，这一优异性能使其在高性能超级电容器领域具有广阔的应用前景。
FIG. 10. Nucleic acid hybrids used in capacitors. (a) Synthesis (left) and performance (right) of the P(EDOT-N)-DNA complex layer. (b) Design (left) and efficiency (right) of spin-coated DNA-CTMA/sol-gel ceramic hybrid film. (c) DNA-directed fabrication of NiCo2O4 nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes as electrodes. (d) Engineering of band edge using the TiO2/DNA nanohybrid system.
（六）激光领域
核酸的天然纳米结构使其在激光设备中具有独特优势。在分布式反馈激光器（DFB 激光器）中，DNA - CTMA 薄膜与光致变色罗丹明 6G 染料结合，实现了 611 nm 处的受激发射。此外，核酸的构象变化能力还被应用于自切换激光设备中，实现了不同波长下的可逆激光发射切换，为新型激光技术的研发提供了新的方向。
FIG. 11. Nucleic acid hybrids used in a laser device. (a) (Left) Schematic view and performance (right) of the thin film using DNA-CTMA assembled fluorescent dye Rh6G. (b) Microscopic image (left) and performance (right) of DCNP/DNA-CTMA fiber. (c) (Left) Transitions of liquid crystal (LC) orientation during DNA hybridization and (right) laser switching before and after adding cDNA onto ssDNA-probed LC matrix. The shifting direction reverts upon DNA hybridization. (d) Beam spots (left) of the emitted (yellow) and excitation (green) light and lasing efficiency (right) of Rh610-doped DNA-CTMA cell.
五、柔性基底集成：迈向未来智能穿戴
核酸杂化材料不仅在性能上表现出色，其与柔性基底的兼容性更为未来智能穿戴设备的发展带来了无限遐想。无论是以聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）为基底的 ZnO - NPs/DNA 太阳能电池，还是以纤维素为基底的 OLED 设备，核酸杂化材料都能在保持高效性能的同时，实现良好的柔韧性。这种柔韧性与高性能的完美结合，为未来智能穿戴设备的研发提供了坚实的基础，让我们期待着核酸杂化材料在智能手表、健康监测手环等设备中的广泛应用。
六、结语：核酸杂化材料的未来展望
随着分子电子学和纳米技术的不断发展，核酸杂化材料正以其独特的生物相容性、全溶剂加工合成可行性和可调节的结构 - 活性关系，在智能光电材料领域崭露头角。从单分子水平的核苷酸和半导体 DNA 导线，到超分子核酸模板组装体，核酸杂化材料的功能化和性能研究已经证明了其作为碳基材料的潜力，能够整合到多种设备平台中，包括柔性电子设备。在硅基芯片设计面临摩尔定律挑战的当下，利用核酸组装生物材料这种轻元素（氢和碳）的策略，有望创造出具有高效成本 - 性能比的创新设备。核酸杂化材料的成功应用，不仅为当前的半导体技术带来了新的活力，更为未来的智能光电技术发展描绘了一幅令人激动的蓝图。让我们共同期待核酸杂化材料在未来科技中绽放出更加耀眼的光芒，为人类的生活带来更多便利和惊喜！
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